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India 20A
On August 31, 1965 sixty-four Americans arrived at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to begin three months of Peace Corps training. We ranged in age from 21 to 65 and came from states representing a cross-section of the country ranging from Hawaii to New York. We were men and women from urban and rural parts of the United States with the variety of outlooks typical of people coming from different parts of a country as large as ours. However, we had one thing in common: commitment to the ideals of the United States and the desire learn about people from other countries, have those people learn about us and to provide our hosts with whatever assistance that we could. We were identified as Peace Corps Trainees and were prepared for service in rural India. After three solid months of training, 37 of us were selected as Peace Corps Volunteers and were sent to India in the group known as India 20A. After well more than a half-century the volunteers of India 20A remain in contact. This is our story.
Peace Corps Mission - Overview
Congress established the Peace Corps on September 22, 1961.
Objectives defined by the Act for the Peace Corps are to promote world peace and friendship by making available to interested countries Americans who will:
- Help the people of these countries meet their needs for trained manpower.
- Help promote a better understanding of the American people on the part of the peoples served; and
- Help promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of the American people.
*From Peace Corps Facts, circa 1965 (Photo by Reid Melton)
Peace Corps Volunteer Selection in 1965 - Overview
"Peace Corps selection is based on merit alone, The Peace Corps stands or fails on the Volunteers it selects. Selection is made for individual projects and every project has particular requirements." From: Peace Corps Facts, c. 1965 Read more
To learn how the India 20A trainees experienced the selection process click here
To view a typical Peace Corps Trainee acceptance letter click here
Peace Corps Training - Overview
"Volunteers receive intensive training designed to achieve on basic obective: to prepare them for effective service overseas. Most of the training takes place a U.S. colege or university where prspective volunteeeers spend 60 or more hours a week in study."
During breaks in training, the trainees would proceed to the Peace Corps lounge where two songs, from record albums, were constantly played. One of those songs was "Maggie's Farm" by Bob Dylan." The other was "Guantanamera"a patriotic song from Cuba sung by Pete Seeger. Cuba had little to do with our assignment in India, but we were always hypnotized by the lyrics and music. It helped very much to keep us calm during the intense training regimen (RAS - Webmaster).
To see a film that describes the experiences of one of the earliest group of Peace Corps Volunteers to arrive in India, and which was used as part of the India20A training program (it featured one of our trainers, Linda Salsman), Click here
From: Peace Corps Facts, c. 1965
Background and Mission of India 20A
In 1962, when the Peace Corps began sending groups of volunteers to various countries, it decided to identify each group by its country of service name and the group number in relation to the previous groups that were trained. Thus, the first group to be trained for service in India was identified by the name, India 1. Our group was the 20th group trained and hence was known as India 20. However, there was a second group of volunteers that trained for India at the same time our group was trained. Accordingly, our group was identified as India 20A. The other group was identified as India 20B. Read more.
To get an idea of our first days working in a rural public health center click here.
Photos from Training August 31 - November 22, 1965
Our History from Letters
During our stay in India from 1965 to 1967, we did not have the use of telephones. Aside from visits, all communication between members of India 20A consisted of letters and occasionally telegrams if the information was urgent. This page contains letters and sections from letters, written by India 20A volunteers and sent to India 20A volunteers. From a perspective of almost over a half-century years, they reveal a great deal about the experiences of the India 20A volunteers and India at that time.
George Thompson, Phil Scholl, Peter Luce, David Johnson, Marilyn Martiny - our first day in Trivandrum, Kerala 1965
Looking forward to two years on-site. Note that all the men are wearing shoes. After a week or so every man switched to sandalsbecause of the heat and humidity (and despite the warnings of getting hookworm by the India 20A public health trainers in Milwaukee) To read a 1965 letter from Marilyn Martiny to Richard Smith click here
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Phil Scholl, Karen Thornbury, Katie Thomas, Cheryl Axtel, George Thompsen, Richard Means, Thomas Culbertson waiting to board the train for the 3 & 1/2 day ride to our stations in Kerala. To read a 1965 letter from Dennis Best to Richard Smith, Essie Jackson, Gay Nadler and Dave Johnson click here
Use Pa text sPHIection to describe your values, show more info, summarize a topic, or tell a story.
Richard Smith, M.J. David (our cook), & Thomas Culbertson on station in Kalady Kerala in front of our house. To read a 1966 letter from Kathleen Arganbright to Richard Smith click here
Use a text section to describe your values, show more info, summarize a topic, or tell a story.
Arrival in India - First Days
Click here and then click here to see the schedule of orientation events that India 20A followed upon its arrival in India. Notice that it was quite extensive, just as the training at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee had been. Note that one of the speakers was Dr. Sushila Nayar. Dr. Nayar had been the personal physician to Mahatma Ghandi. When the orientation ended, the volunteers departed for their sites in rural India. The Kerala volunteers faced a three and a half day train ride to Kerala. Several of the volunteers were very sick during the trip. For example, click here to see India 20A member (and webmaster) Richard Smith's description of his train ride to Kerala. To get an idea of what the India 20A volunteers experienced in India click here. This film, originally shot in 8mm was produced by India 20A member Phil Scholl
Packing Recommendations
Before departure for India, India 20A was given several "packing lists" that contained recommendations for personal items that we should bring for our two-year stay. Some of the recommendations were absurd (a typewriter) others quite necessary (a founain pen). To see the recommendations click here. We were also given clothing recommendations. Click here to see the clothing recommendation for "girls." To see the clothing recommendations for "men" click here. Also, to see a list of items that could be purchased in India click here. We were allowed to ship up to 100 pounds of personal items in a trunk. Amazingly, not one India 20A Peace Corps Volunteer failed to receive his or her trunk. The trunks came to our various sites about two months after our arrival. Incidently, each Peace Corps Volunteer serving in India received a "booklocker" that contained about 50 novels for us to read. along with a set of heavy wool blankets (who knew what for?), and a very handy medical kit that contained such items as Paregoric, (actially, camphorated tincture of opium, if you can believe that!) a bottle of antibiotic pills, bandages, a scalpel, a scissors, a hypodermic syringe, and some bandages. We were also provided with a book of typical medical conditions found in India, along with symptoms, and how to treat those medical conditions.
After Peace Corps
In 1965, less than two years after the death of President John F. Kennedy from whose vision and insight the Peace Corps was created, the people of the United States invested in the training and support of the members of India 20A. The citizens of the United States made certain that India 20A trainees learned new skills and extended skills that they already had, sharpened their understanding of the culture and customs of the United States and provided them with insights and knowledge regarding the cultures, customs, and languages of the people of India. In short, in 1965 the newly minted India 20A volunteers were well prepared to represent the people of the United States to the people of India and to initiate and participate in a variety of health projects in rural India that would eventually leave a set of positive impressions with the citizens of both countries about each other.
Now at the start of the 21 Century, the returned volunteers of India 20A have provided another contribution in the United States. During the almost 40 years since their completion of service in India, they have compiled a record of service to the people of the United States, both within the public and private sectors. Their accomplishments are notable in the United States and in several foreign countries in which they have lived and worked. In essence, the initial expenditure on the training and maintenance of the India 20A volunteers has received a generous return on investment for the American people.
The Record of Post Peace Corps Service
Peace Corps service for India 20A ended in 1967. The volunteers were released into a year in which the war in Viet Nam was dictating a larger American commitment in terms of material and personnel and a year during which the issue of far greater civil rights on the part of African Americans had become one of the most pressing needs of the century. Thus, the now returned India 20A volunteers (India 20A RPCVs) found themselves in service to American on several tumultuous fronts.
Tom Culbertson served as a United States Agency for International Development Refugee Officer in Quang Ngai Province and later worked with refugees in Laos until 1972. He then served as a police officer in Kodiak, Alaska (probably pre-Peace Corps service as a brig sergeant in the United States Marines was handy experience for that job).
Following his service in India 20A, Terry Ebersole attended Navy Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island followed by Navy Communication School after commissioning. He was then assigned to the USS Wasp, an aircraft carrier based in-Boston/Rhode Island area. Following his service in the Navy, Terry obtained a masters degree in public administration at Maxwell School. Upon graduation he worked in various positions with the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (later renamed Federal Transit Administration) and served in various jobs with that agency including eight years as the Regional Administrator with responsibilities for agency's public transportation grant programs in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Alaska. Terry retired from the agency and federal civil service in 1995 and moved from Seattle to Guemes Island in Washington's San Juan Island chain. He now works part time for Secret Harbor helping to raise funds for this non-profit provider of group home and foster care services to troubled youth and special needs children. Terry married Janet Ruehl another member of India 20A.
Janet Ruehl worked for large food chain in Boston and also in a Boston art studio. She eventually served as an assistant librarian for the Navy in Iceland where her India 20A husband Terry Ebersole was stationed while in the Navy. Building on her art background Janet eventually started Puffin Productions and turned Puffin Productions into a printing corporation. Puffin designed and manufactured a completed line of social stationery for retail stores nationwide. The product line included gift wrap, invitations, cards and paper gifts. Puffin Productions eventually grew to 25 employees. Today, Janet is retired and continues to live happily with Terry on Guemes Island.
Reid Melton made a career of service in the public and private sectors. After returning from India he studied regional planning and decision making theory at Cornell University. He served as a Peace Corps trainer for new groups serving in India and then went on to work for the North Carolina Department of Local Affairs on War on Poverty. He later served as a policy researcher at the prestigious Urban Institute in Washington D.C. taking time along the way to help found the Friends of India organization consisting of returned volunteers and others who worked with the Indian people. Eventually, Reid turned to a consulting career working as an independent and with the Coverdale International Group working around the world with UN, IMF , World Bank, AID in Europe, Sudan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Kenya and with private (large and small) businesses focusing on space, computer, banking and pharmaceutical industries. At present he lives in Santa Barbara, California where he is continuing his consulting/training practice. Reid serves on the Board of several community organizations including the Santa Barbara Peace Corps Association.
Marilyn Martiny was a registered nurse at the time she entered the Peace Corps. She married Dieter Kuschel who was a community development volunteer from Germany serving in Kerala at the same time as India 20A. Eventually, Marilyn and Dieter moved to Kenya where Marilyn worked in the intensive care unit at the Nairobi Hospital, did part time work at the United Nations Environment Project's world headquarters in Nairobi, in the health center. Upon the couple's return to Germany Marilyn worked for at the University Hospital in Erlangen in the Speech and Hearing Department of the ENT Division. Marilyn has traveled extensively throughout Europe, Mexico, and Africa.
After leaving India and arriving in the USA Jerold "Jerry" Hayashida enlisted in the Air Force and trained as a photographer and as a teacher of English as a second language. He taught ESL in Saigon. An interesting fact is that a few days before he rotated back to the States, he ran across Werner Hollstein in the Saigon PX. Upon returning to his home in Hawaii he earned a masters degree in social work and has remained in that field in various positions on the island of Maui.
Richard Smith, went the complete service route after leaving Peace Corps service in India. Upon his return to the USA he joined the Urban Teacher Corps in Washington, D.C and served two years teaching in D.C. junior high schools. He earned a Master of Arts in Teaching degree from Antioch University as part of the program. During this period he spent a summer as a curriculum specialist, in Arkansas and Mississippi, for the Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA). He created public health curriculum that was used with the VISTA trainees in Arkansas. He also participated in their training. Richard later worked as a volunteer in the Center for Solving Special Social and Health Problems in San Francisco which provided methadone services for heroin addicts, and counseling for people with a wide range of problems. While living in San Francisco, he took a trip to Central America, in order to practice the Spanish he had learned during the summer of 1971 at the Center for Intercultural Documentation in Cuernavaca, Mexico. After six months, during which time he hitchhiked to the Panama Canal and lived in Panajachel, Guatemala, he came back to San Francisco. He then returned to New York City in 1973 to teach at Harriet Beecher Stowe Junior High School (JHS 136) in Harlem. His next step was to obtain a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction from The University of Texas at Austin. Richard then joined the Institute for Urban and Minority Education at Teachers College, Columbia University where as a research associate he was responsible for projects designed to interest female K-12 students in mathematics and science courses. He eventually returned to Texas, to help establish Department of Technology at the Houston Independent School District (HISD). After 19 years, when he left the Department of Technology, he was its director. At present, Richard is Clinical Associate Professor of Instructional Technology at the University of Houston-Clear Lake (UHCL) where teaches courses such as Applications of Technology, Interactive Distance Learning, and Management of Computer Resources to masters degree students in instructional technology and instructional design. Richard also serves as the Program Chair for the UHCL Instructional Technology Department and is on the doctoral admissions committee for UHCL's Ed.D. program in educational administration.
Return to India
Members of India 20A have returned to India for extended visits. Their observations are filled keen insights into the changes that have occurred in India since the time India 20A left the country in 1967. This section provides the written and photographic summaries of their visits. Read the letters. To read the letteers click here.
Peace Corps Links
http://www.peacecorps.gov/ - The official Peace Corps web site
http://www.peacecorpsconnect.org - The National Peace Corps Association
http://www.facebook.com/peacecorpsconnect - The National Peace Corps Association Facebook page.
http://peacecorpsonline.org/- Peace Corps Online is an independent News Forum edited and published by Returned Peace Corps Volunteers and has no affiliation or connection with the federal agency, the US Peace Corps.
https://peacecorpshouston.org/- Houston Peace Corps Association. A group for Returned Peace Corps Volunteers in Houston.
http://www.peacecorpsmuseum.org/ - Web site of the Committee for a Museum of the Peace Corps Experience
www.sbpca.org - The Santa Barbara Peace Corps website
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2496.html - The Peace Corps in India-A web page from The Independent News Forum serving Returned Peace Corps Volunteers
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2016497.html - The experience of RPCV Benjamin Horwitz (not an India 20A member) in India. It is very well written and informative.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyZ8YaIJRck&t=37s - "The Adventures of India20A" describes the experiences of the members of India 20A 1965-67.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL0irP_yGhg&t=120s - A one hour 8mm by India 20A PCV Phil Scholl that documents his experiences during service in India 1965 to 1967.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX1VK63uE4U- India 20A PCV Richard Smith describes the Peace Corps Volunteer selection process that occurred during the group's training at the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee in 1965.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dJ8WOgq7_I - India 20A PCV Richard Smith describes his first experience attending a vasectomy operation in a rural public health center in the state of Kerala, India in 1966.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnTog5aeIgM - India 20A PCV Richard Smith describes his experience suffering from bacillary dysentery on the three and a half day train ride from New Delhi to the state of Kerala, India in 1965.
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